Aviation is one of the fastest-growing sources of emissions, and the most intractable. In the run-up to COP26 in November last year, the airline industry pledged to get to net zero by 2050, but admitted that hydrogen and electric aircraft would not be operating in significant numbers until the 2040s. Therefore 65% of the emissions reductions will need to come from replacing the kerosene used today, 450 billion litres, with sustainable aviation fuel (SAF).